Fundamental Immunology (Dr Badid Naima)
Aperçu des sections
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Summary
Fundamental Immunology is the study of the immune system and is a very important branch of the medical and biological
sciences. The immune system protects us from infection through various lines of defence. If the immune system is not functioning as it should, it can result in disease, such as autoimmunity, allergy and cancer. It is also now becoming clear that immune responses contribute to the development of many common disorders not traditionally viewed as immunologic, including metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s.
Immunological research continues to extend horizons in our understanding of how to treat significant health issues, with ongoing research efforts in immunotherapy, autoimmune diseases, and vaccines for emerging pathogens, such as Ebola. Advancing our understanding of basic immunology is essential for clinical and commercial application and has facilitated the discovery of new diagnostics and treatments to manage a wide array of diseases. In addition to the above, coupled with advancing technology, immunological research has provided critically important research techniques and tools, such as flow cytometry and antibody technology. -
Fundamental Immunology
Chapter 1: Fundamentals
- The meaning of Immunology - Introduction
- Immune memory
- Vaccination
- Mechanisms of immunity
- Innate and adaptive immunity
- A coordinated system / Cytokines
- Immune recognition
- Clonal selection
- Clonal selection and tolerance of ‘self’
- Antigen recognition
- Dynamics of immunity / Haematopoiesis
- Compartmentalisation of the immune response
- Lymphoid organs and tissues
- Immune System
1.The meaning of Immunology
- Im: Latin particle marking negation
- Munus: charge (infectious agent)
- Immunus: exempt from ..., dispensed from ...,
- Immunity: ability to resist infectious diseases.
Other functions:
Response against altered Self, anti-tumour and non-self (transplants, gene therapy, etc.), tissue repair.
Introduction
- 1880 -1900 : Microbes and infectious diseases
- There are live transmissible micro-organisms that develop in the host and are responsible for specific infectious diseases.
- Hygiene and health : Protecting against an infectious disease = Eliminating the pathogenic microbe
L. Pasteur : Bird cholera
R. Koch: Tuberculosis Bacillus- The immune system protects us from invading pathogens
Major groups of pathogens
Examples of diseases
Viruses
Polio, Smallpox, Influenza, Measles, AIDS
Bacteria
Tuberculosis, Tetanus, Whooping cough
Fungi
Thrush or Candidiasis, Ringworm
Parasites
Malaria, Leishmaniasis
Balance between infection and immunity
2. Immune memory
- Subsequent exposure to the same foreign organism can induce a memory response, characterised by a faster, more intense immune reaction that prevents us from catching a disease a second time.
3. Vaccination
- Specificity and Memory
- Edward Jenner (1976) defines vaccination as: "The prevention of a serious disease by deliberately inducing an attenuated form of the disease".
WHO Global Campaign for Systemic Smallpox Vaccination.1976: Smallpox Eradicated!
WHO Global Campaign for Systemic Smallpox Vaccination.1976:Smallpox Eradicated!
- The positive effects of vaccination
4. Mechanisms of immunity
- Innate and Adaptive Immunity: The Immune Response to Foreign Materials
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Chapter 2. Cells of the Immune System
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Chapter 3. Cells of the Immune System
3.1. Cellular functions
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Chapter 4. Phagocytosis - Epherocytosis
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Chapter 5. The Immune Receptors
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Chapter 6. The Complement System
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Chapter 7. Innate Immunity
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Chapter 8. Adaptive Immunity
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Chapter 9. Immunopathologies
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Chapter 10. Immunity and Cancer
