Structure de la matière
Aperçu des sections
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Course Coordinator: Dr. Ritha SOULIMANE
e-mail: ritha.soulimane@univ-tlemcen.dz
Teams: SOULIMANE RITHA
Department of Biomedical Engineering/ Faculty of Technology
Semester: 1
Teaching Unit: UEF 1.1.4
Course: Structure of Matter
Workload: 67 hours (Lecture: 1h30, Tutorials: 3h00)
Credits: 6
Coefficient: 3
Assessment Method:
Continuous Assessment: 40% • Final Exam: 60%Program: Biomedical Engineering
Responsable de la matière : Dr Ritha SOULIMANE
Semestre: 1
Unité d’enseignement: UEF 1.1.4
Matière: Structure de la matière
VHS: 67h00 (Cours: 1h30, TD: 3h00)
Crédits: 6
Coefficient: 3
Mode d’évaluation:
Contrôle continu: 40% ; Examen: 60%.
Département de Génie Biomédical
Filière: Génie Biomédical
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This course provides students with a comprehensive foundation in the structure of matter and modern atomic theory. It begins with the historical development of atomic models, leading to the understanding of the atom’s internal structure and the role of wave–particle duality. Students are introduced to the fundamentals of quantum mechanics, including Schrödinger’s equation, the wave function, probability density, and quantum numbers that define atomic orbitals. The course develops the ability to describe and interpret orbital shapes and their energetic organization.
Electronic configurations are explored through the Pauli and Hund principles, allowing students to understand valence shells, transition-metal exceptions, and the link between electron arrangement and chemical stability. The periodic table is studied in detail, emphasizing its structure, chemical families, and the electronic basis of periodic trends. Students learn key periodic properties such as atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity, and how these trends explain chemical reactivity.
The course also covers atomic energy levels, electronic transitions, and the formation of emission and absorption spectra, with applications in spectroscopy. Finally, students examine chemical bonding by distinguishing ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, understanding orbital interactions, applying the VSEPR model to molecular geometry, and introducing hybridization to link electronic structure with molecular behavior.
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Prerequisites:
· Master basic mathematics, including algebra and first- and second-degree equations.
· Understand exponential and logarithmic functions, which are essential in physics and chemistry.
· Have basic knowledge of physics, such as force, energy, waves, and light.
· Understand fundamental concepts of general chemistry, including atoms, molecules, and simple reactions.
· Be able to use SI units and perform unit conversions.
· Work with proportionality concepts, which are essential for chemical quantities.
· Understand basic operations with vectors and scalar quantities.
· Know introductory concepts of the periodic table, including families, metals, and non-metals.
· Be capable of solving simple scientific calculation problems.
Les prérequis:
Maîtriser les bases des mathématiques (algèbre, équations du premier et second degré).
Connaître les fonctions exponentielles et logarithmiques, utiles en physique et en chimie.
Avoir des notions élémentaires de physique (force, énergie, onde, lumière).
Comprendre les concepts de base en chimie générale (atome, molécule, réaction simple).
Savoir utiliser les unités du Système International (SI) et effectuer des conversions.
Manipuler les notions de proportionnalité, essentielles pour les grandeurs chimiques.
Comprendre les opérations fondamentales sur les vecteurs et grandeurs scalaires.
Connaître les premières notions de tableau périodique (familles, métaux/non-métaux).
Être capable de résoudre des problèmes simples de calcul scientifique.
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STRUCTURE OF MATTER COURSE
Course Outline
Chapter 1: Fundamental Concepts
- States of matter and macroscopic characteristics
- Changes of state of matter
- Concepts of atom, molecule, mole, and Avogadro’s number
- Atomic mass unit, atomic and molecular molar mass, molar volume
- Law of conservation of mass (Lavoisier) and chemical reactions
- Qualitative and quantitative aspects of matter
Chapter 2: Main Constituents of Matter
- Faraday’s experiment: relationship between matter and electricity
- Evidence of matter constituents and discovery of the atom
- Physical properties of atomic particles: mass and charge
- Rutherford’s planetary model
- Atomic characteristics: symbol, atomic number (Z), mass number (A), protons, neutrons, electrons
- Isotopy, relative abundance, isotope separation, mass determination (Bainbridge mass spectrograph), nuclear binding energy, and nuclear stability
Chapter 3: Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions
- Natural radioactivity: α, β, and γ radiation
- Artificial radioactivity and nuclear reactions
- Kinetics of radioactive decay
- Half-life concept
- Applications of radioactivity in science and medicine
- Safety considerations and detection of radiation
Chapter 4: Electronic Structure of the Atom
- Wave–particle duality of matter
- Interaction between light and matter: absorption and emission
- Bohr atomic model: hydrogen atom
- Hydrogen atom in quantum mechanics
- Poly-electronic atoms in quantum mechanics
- Energy quantization and electronic transitions
Chapter 5: Periodic Classification of Elements
- Mendeleev’s periodic classification
- Modern periodic classification
- Trends and periodicity of physicochemical properties
- Calculation of atomic and ionic radii
- Successive ionization energies, electron affinity, and electronegativity (Mulliken scale)
- Slater’s rules for electronic shielding and property predictions
Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding
- Covalent bonding in Lewis theory
- Polar covalent bonds, dipole moment, and partial ionic character
- Molecular geometry: Gillespie theory / VSEPR model
- Quantum mechanical model of chemical bonding
- Bond order, bond energy, and bond length
- Relation between electronic structure and chemical reactivity
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