PART TWO
it is purely practical
Introduction
what is included in this part as main elements.
For example, you can say “this part is all about the methods used and steps followed by the researcher in order to collect data... the results are analysed and discussed... the findings will be placed in the general conclusion...”
Sample:
It includes a detailed explanation on the group of people selected to test one's hypotheses. The researcher should give the profile of the sample including the different variables that participated in the selection of this number of participants. Aspects like age, gender, residence, educational background, etc. should all appear within this title.
Research design and instruments:
The researcher should specify whether the study is an experiment, a survey, or a case study with a scientific justification of “why” he/ she has chosen this research method. Moreover, the researcher should mention all the research tools and instruments that s/he has employed including questionnaires, interviews, observations, tests, etc. If a software is used, it must be mentioned with its name/ site/ how it was used and all related information.
criteria | experiment | survey | case study | COMMENTS |
Defined as: | A method applied to test hypotheses and find the cause of the problem (why?) | A method of research that focuses on the description of a phenomenon (what?) | A method that provides a description and analysis of the studied object (how?) | |
Examines: | Treatments (smaller samples) | Population (larger samples) | One entity/ social unit | |
Data from: | The change of behaviours influenced by the variables | The informants | (person, family, cultural group, etc.) | |
Used in: | Experimental research | Descriptive research | Investigation | |
Based on: | The use of observation, experimentation, deduction and induction | The use of questionnaires and interviews | Questionnaires, interviews, observations | |
Provides: | Causes and explanations to the studied items | descriptions about educational programmes, teaching methods, textbooks and learning objectives | understanding to social units and gives suggestions for social change |
Data collection procedures:
The research should provide a good descriptive account of the different steps that s/he has followed while investigation.
For example, “I have used a binary or a triangulation of tools because... I have distributed the questionnaire to... with the help of a friend... in the department of... and then used observation... after asking the teacher's consent... I have prepared the check list or the interview questions... etc.”
Results analysis:
After collecting all the needed data, the researcher has to analyse it either qualitatively or quantitatively. While the latter is all about numbers and frequencies, the former involves reporting a detailed description of the respondents' answers. Put in simpler words, the data that take quantitative analysis are yes/ no questions and multiple-choice questions. At this level, the researcher has to count the number of similar answers and categorize them in statistical models. While reporting the results, the researcher can support the analysis by the use of tables, diagrams and charts. They may give better idea about the results. On the other hand, the data that need to be qualitatively analysed are related to WH-questions or open-ended questions that ask about opinions, attitudes, or suggestions. The analysis should appear in paragraphs and simple narrative descriptions which cannot be summarised or reported in numbers.


After that, the analysis and interpretation of results should not only include answers of the questions included within questionnaires or interviews or any other research instrument. Rather, it should closely follow the research questions and hypotheses. That is, the researcher should state the findings directly related and relevant to the objectives of research. The researcher might wonder about the titles that should be included within this section. In fact, there is no standard way of structuring this area. For example, if the researcher has used a triangulation od methods, it will be adequate to structure the titles as follows: Yes/No questions can be easily summarized in tables as well as in figures. Titles of tables appear above, titles of figures appear bellow. Their numbering should also appear in the text that is supposed to translate the numbers and statistics included. These illustrations cannot stand alone.
Results of the questionnaire
Results of the observation
Results of the interview
Those headings can include subtitles. To facilitate the choice of the title, it is beneficial to either write “Answers to the 1st question: ........... (write the question as it appears in the questionnaire)” or, reformulate the interrogative form to a declarative statement which constructs a good title.

Discussion:
In fact, discussion of the findings is the most important step of the work because the researcher will have to provide his/ her contribution to the field of research. There must be a scientific explanation of the findings. At this level, the researcher should state where his/ her study is different from the others found in the literature. The discussion should be directly related to the research question placed at the beginning of the study.

Conclusion
is not necessarily a summary but rather an answer to what has been stated before in the introduction of this part only (not the whole work).
