Aperçu des sections

  • Généralités

  • Section 1

    UNIVERSITY OF TLEMCEN                    2nd year degree LMD Anthropology

    FACULTY OF HUMAN SCIENCES ET SOCIAL SCIENCES

    DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

    BRANCH : Anthropology

    1st Lesson

     

    WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY?

     

    Anthropology is sometimes described as” the art of making the familiar exotic and the exotic familiar”. It is also described as “the most humanistic of the sciences and the most scientific of the humanities”.

    Derived from the Greek language, the term Anthropology is composed of two parts: Anthropos which means “human” and logos refers to the study of or the science. Anthropology can be defined as the comparative study of humans , their societies and their cultural works. It simultaneously explores human diversity and examines every dimension of humanity by asking compelling questions like:

    How did we come to be human? Who are our ancestors? Why do people do and act so differently throughout the world? What do we all have in common? How have we changed biologically, socially and culturally aver time? What is the impact of belief on culture’s changes?……….

    Anthropology is also defined as an expansive field of study which comprehends two major branches and four sub-fields. Anthropology is generally a broad discipline, linking many subjects such as : sociology, psychology, archeology, biology, linguistics, history and many other domains to understand social and cultural dimensions and diversity .

    Thomas Hylland Eriksen, What is Anthropolgy?

    Second Edition, Pluto Press

    Questions:

    1-    What is the general idea of the text?

    2-    Give one of the definitions of Anthropology given in this text?

    3-    Find in the text the synonym of: understand- connecting – further –accustomed – learning.

    4-    What are the opposites of the underlined words in the text?

    5-    Try to translate the three first sentences of the text?

     


  • Section 2

    UNIVERSITY OF TLEMCEN                    2nd year degree LMD Anthropology

    FACULTY OF HUMAN SCIENCES ET SOCIAL SCIENCES

    DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

    BRANCH : Anthropology

    2nd Lesson

     

    Why anthropology?

    Anthropology is social science which studies mankind in its entirety, this term in its literal sense means the “study of mankind”. It has gained in popularity rapidly within the social and behavioral sciences circle through its various fields of specialization. It offers us a great insight into the ways of lives of human societies across time and space.

    Through its various fields of specialization, it offers us great insights into the ways of lives of human societies across time and space. At the beginning, Anthropology focused only on the primitive societies especially human social and cultural characteristics and all problems of the traditional non-western peoples. By the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, it moved to all types of societies: traditional and modern societies, western and non- western societies.

    Nowadays, even health science students learning this discipline have a great advantage of gaining fresh insights and practical benefits in their personal lives and professional practices. Anthropology along with other sisterly disciplines such as: sociology, economics, social psychology, human and cultural geography, history and political sciences has now become essential component of the health and medical sciences  curricula in universities and other training institutions abroad.

    Zerihun Doda, M.A, social Anthropology

    Dedub University,in collaboration with the

     Ethiopia Public health Training Initiative, The Carter center.

    Questions:

    1-    What is the general idea of the text?

    2-    Cite one of the definitions of anthropology given in the text?

    3-    Find in the text the synonyms of :fame – applied – primordial – features – concentrated.

    4-    What are the opposites of the underlined words in the text?

    5-    Try to translate the first paragraph?

     

     


    • Section 3

      UNIVERSITY OF TLEMCEN                    2nd year degree LMD Anthropology

      FACULTY OF HUMAN SCIENCES ET SOCIAL SCIENCES

      DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

      BRANCH : Anthropology

      3rd Lesson

      ANTHROPOLOGY: A NECESSITY!

       

      Since anthropology is one of the social sciences, of course it is a necessity, and undoubtedly very important considering humans as social creatures cannot possibly loose interacting with each other. Studying anthropology will create tolerance and a peaceful life. Being unable to understand each other has results in prejudice; quarrel, brawl, and even war.

      Differences are often considered a threat, but when managed properly, they that could be a beauty, like a variety of colorful flowers in a garden. Things that occur in life on a small scale: in the household, between countries. Can anthropology solve life problems mentioned? Certainly! Anthropology has a significant contribution. It is the study of all kinds of things that have to do with human beings.  At the very last , someone who has studied or learned anthropology will further acknowledge and understand that every people , ethnic group, religion, community and nation has a certain a distinctive and particular character . Thus, it will promote mutual tolerance and peace.

      The best way to learn it is by combining theory with practice. One of the books worth reading is” Introduction to Anthropology” written by Dr. Zaenuddin, M.A. In this book , readers will find 10 chapters with a variety of theories. Readers will be able to choose an interesting part to read without necessarily reading one chapter after another.

      Introduction to Anthropology, by Zaenuddin Hudi Prasojo,

      reviewed by Ismail Aspari,

      The forum of Lingkar pena of west alimantan ,

      Pontianak Stain Press , 2013.

       Questions:

      1-    What is the general idea of the text?

      2-    Why is anthropology a necessity? ( don’t copy the text , in your own words)

      3-    Find in the text the synonym of :sponsor – additional -  typical –certainly – significant – happen.

      4-    What are the opposites of the underlined words in the text?

      5-    Translate the first paragraph into Arabic?

       


      • Section 4

        UNIVERSITY OF TLEMCEN                    2nd year degree LMD Anthropology

        FACULTY OF HUMAN SCIENCES ET SOCIAL SCIENCES

        DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

        BRANCH : Anthropology

        4th  Lesson

        EVOLUTIONISM IN ANTHROPOLOGY

        Anthropology is the study of the past and present biological and cultural variations within the human species. It is integrated, scientific and holistic study of human and biological characteristics. Distinctive way of studying humans: Holistic-emphasizes the functional relation between parts and the whole. No single aspect of culture can be understood alone. Integration of all that is known about humans and their activities: Past, Present, Language, Holism, Culture, genetics and anatomy.

        What we generally call Comparative anthropology includes the cross-cultural and relativistic perspective to comparison; compare patterns of variation, consideration of similarities and differences. The cultural implications of international migration in the light of Fieldwork Evidence, data collation, direct contact.

        One of the main fields of anthropology is the evolutionary-cultural evolution which is considered as an outgrowth of Darwinism evolution. Over time, cultural change occurs as result of human adapting to some non-cultural stimulus such as climate change or population growth. . Cultural evolution as a theory in anthropology was developed in the 19th century. Cultural evolution presumes that over time, cultural change such as the rise of social inequalities or emergence of agriculture. However unlike Darwinism evolution , cultural evolution was considered directional , that is , as human populations transform themselves, their culture becomes progressively complex.

        Nedumaran, M,Suresh R.Anthropology an overview

        int J Orofac Biol2022, 6:1:4-8

        Web published, International Journal of oral biology, MM publichers

        Questions:

        1-    What is the general idea of the text?

        2-    What is evolutionism in anthropology?

        3-    Is there any difference between Darwinism an evolutionism in anthropology? What is this difference?

        4-    Find in the text the synonym of : changes – typical – addition – likenesses – entire- viewpoint.

        5-    Give the opposite of the underlined words in the text?

        6-    Translate the last paragraph in the text into Arabic?


        • Section 5

          UNIVERSITY OF TLEMCEN                    2nd year degree LMD Anthropology

          FACULTY OF HUMAN SCIENCES ET SOCIAL SCIENCES

          DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

          BRANCH : Anthropology

          5th  Lesson

          BIOLOGICAL  ANTHROPOLOGY

          Biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, Linguistic anthropology, Archeology are all the main sub-fields of anthropology. Biological and cultural factors influence the world around us. Set of learned behavior and ideas that human beings acquire as members of a society. Humans are bio-cultural organisms. Triangle of adaptation: environment – biology and culture.

          Biological anthropology is the subfield concerned with humans as biological species. As such, it is the sub-field most closely related to the natural sciences. Biological anthropology is a study of research to understand both human evolution and modern human variation. Biological anthropology also focuses research on the range of physical variation within and among modern human populations. The investigation of human evolution presents one of the most tantalizing areas of anthropological study. Much of the evidence for human origins consists of fossils, the fragmentary remains of bones and living materials preserved. The study of human evolution through analysis of fossils and remains is called paleo-anthology.

          Whereas the study of human variation by measuring physical characteristics - such as body size- variation in blood types or differences in skin color or genetic traits aims at explaining why such variations occur, as well as documenting the differences in human populations. Human osteology is also a particular area of specialization within biological anthropology dealing with thev study of the human skeleton. Skeleton remains are crucial in the study of human evolution , pre-historic societies, and individual life histories.

          Nedumaran, M,Suresh R.Anthropology an overview

          int J Orofac Biol2022, 6:1:4-8

          Web published, International Journal of oral biology, MM publichers

          Questions:

          1-    What is the definition of biological anthropology?

          2-    What are sub-fields of anthropology cited in the text?

          3-    Find in the text the synonyms of:

          4-    What is the opposite of the underlined words in the text?

          5-    Translate the second paragraph into Arabic?


          • Section 6

            UNIVERSITY OF TLEMCEN                    2nd year degree LMD Anthropology

            FACULTY OF HUMAN SCIENCES ET SOCIAL SCIENCES

            DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

            BRANCH : Anthropology

            6th  Lesson

             

            CULTURAL  ANTHROPOLOGY

            Cultural anthropology is the sub-field of anthropology that examines contemporary societies and cultures throughout the world. Cultural anthropologists do research the world over, from tropical rainforests to the Arctic, from remote farming villages to urban centers. The first professional cultural anthropologists focused on non-Western cultures in Africa, Asia, The middle east, Latin America and the pacific islands and on the native American populations in the united states.

            Today, however, many cultural anthropologists have tuned to research on their own societies in order to gain a better understanding of their institutions and cultural values. Cultural anthropologists use a unique research strategy in conducting their fieldwork in different settings. Altran’s broadly interdisciplinary scientific studies on human reasoning processes and cultural management of the environment, and on religion and terrorism, have been featured around the world in science publications,  Atran has teamed up with psychologists and political scientists, including Douglas Medin and Robert Axelrod, to experiment extensively on the ways scientist and lay people categorize and reason about nature, on the cognitive and evolutionary psychology of religion , and on the role of scared values in political and cultural conflict.

            Nedumaran, M,Suresh R.Anthropology an overview

            int J Orofac Biol2022, 6:1:4-8

            Web published, International Journal of oral biology, MM publichers

            Questions:

            1-    What is cultural anthropology?

            2-    On what did the first professional cultural anthropologists focused?

            3-    Find in the text the synonyms of: investigation - inspect – cognitive – metropolitan- modern- distant – intellectual .

            4-    Give the opposite of the underlined words in the text?

            5-    Translate the first paragraph into Arabic?

             


            • Section 7

              UNIVERSITY OF TLEMCEN                    2nd year degree LMD Anthropology

              FACULTY OF HUMAN SCIENCES ET SOCIAL SCIENCES

              DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

              BRANCH : Anthropology

              7th  Lesson

              Linguistic anthropology

              Linguistic anthropology is the study of language , has a long history  that dove tails with the discipline of philosophy, but is also one of the integral subfields of anthropology . Linguistic anthropology focuses on the relationship between language and culture , how language is used within society, and how the human brain acquires and uses language . Linguistic anthropologist seek to discover the ways in which languages are different from one another , as well as how they are similar.

              Two wide-ranging areas of research in linguistics anthropology are structural linguistics which explores how language works. It compares grammatical patterns or other linguistic elements to learn how cotemporary languages mirror and differ from one another.

              Structural linguistics has also uncovered some intriguing relationships between language and thought patterns among different groups of people. Linguistic anthropologist also examines the connections between language and social behavior in different cultures. This specialty is called socio-linguistics. Sociolinguists are interested in both how language is used to define social groups and in how belonging to a particular group leads to specialized kinds of language.

              Another area of research that has interested linguistic anthropologists is historical linguistics which concentrates on the comparison and classification of different languages to discern the historical links among them.  By examining and analyzing grammatical structures and sounds of languages researchers are able to discover the rules of various societies through time by offering multiple lines of evidence- archeological, paleo-anthropological and linguistic.

               Nedumaran, M,Suresh R.Anthropology an overview

              int J Orofac Biol2022, 6:1:4-8

              Web published, International Journal of oral biology, MM publichers

              Questions:

              1-    Define Linguistic anthropology?

              2-    What is sociolinguistics?

              3-    What does linguistic anthropology examines?,

              4-    Translate the text into Arabic?

               


              • Section 8

                UNIVERSITY OF TLEMCEN                    2nd year degree LMD Anthropology

                FACULTY OF HUMAN SCIENCES ET SOCIAL SCIENCES

                DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

                BRANCH : Anthropology

                8th  Lesson

                Social Anthropology

                 

                From many years , social and cultural anthropology was associated with the study of remote places and small scale societies , many of them unfamiliar with literacy and not incorporated into the institutions of the state. Although   the study of human diversity concerns all societies , from the smallest to the largest and from the simplest to the most complex , most anthropologists today recognize that all societies in the contemporary world are involved in process of enormous complexity , such as migration , climate change , global economic crises and the transnational circulation of ideas.

                Just as European and North American anthropologists of the early twentieth century struggled to understand and describe “the native’s point of view” when they travelled to such then-remote parts of the world as Melanesia of Africa, contemporary anthropologist try to gasp their areas of inquiry as fully as possible wherever they conduct research, be it in their own backyard or in faraway locations.

                Social anthropology focuses in particular on the study of how contemporary human beings behave in social groups. Social anthropology can offer insight into the key political and social issues affecting the world today. It traces its roots to ancient Greek historical and philosophical writings about human nature and organization of human societies. Anthropologists generally regard Herodotus, a Greek historian who lived in 400s BC, as the first thinker to write widely on concepts that would later become central to social anthropology.

                Nedumaran, M,Suresh R.Anthropology an overview

                int J Orofac Biol2022, 6:1:4-8

                Web published, International Journal of oral biology, MM publichers

                Questions:

                1-    What is the general idea of the text?

                2-    Give the definition of social anthropology according to the text?

                3-    Who is Herodotus? And what are his contributions in anthropology?

                4-    Give the opposite of the underlined words in the text?

                5-    Find in the text the synonym of: propose – act – investigation – progression – distant.

                6-    Translate the last paragraph into Arabic?


                • Section 9

                  • Section 10