Communication

Cellular and metabolic regulatory levels / Niveaux de régulation cellulaire et métabolique

Course Summary

The organism must constantly change the activity of metabolic pathways. It is regulated both according to the immediate needs and possibilities of a particular cell, and according to the needs of the organism as a whole. At the level of the organism, regulation is mediated by signals that come to the cells from the outside. They are transferred across the cell membrane and inside they connect with the regulatory events of the cell itself. Regulations tend to have a number of steps that fall into cascades. It often ends with a change in enzyme activity, which thus acts as an effector of regulation. Usually only one enzyme of the metabolic pathway is subject to regulation, the so-called key or regulatory enzyme. Key enzymes usually catalyze the slowest reactions of metabolic pathways.



Fundamental Immunology (Dr Badid Naima)

Course Summary

Fundamental Immunology is the study of the immune system and is a very important branch of the medical and biological sciences. The immune system protects us from infection through various lines of defence. If the immune system is not functioning as it should, it can result in disease, such as autoimmunity, allergy and cancer. It is also now becoming clear that immune responses contribute to the development of many common disorders not traditionally viewed as immunologic, including metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s.